My Marketing Guide
This is a personnel effort to share the knowledge I gained from my academic qualification, courses and professional experience. I will try to make this blog a useful guide for all beginner and advanced marketers and anyone who wants to learn about marketing.
Friday, November 7, 2014
Sunday, January 12, 2014
Business Strategy
A business strategy is the process that identifies the
product market, the level of investment, the functional area strategies needed
to compete in the selected product market and the strategic assets that
underlie the strategy and provide the sustainable competitive advantage (SCA).
In the Multiple Businesses business strategy may
include the development of synergistic effects across the businesses—the
creation of value by having business units that support and complement each
other and the allocation of resources over the business units.
Differentiation versus
Low-Cost Strategies
A differentiation strategy is one in which the product
offering is differentiated from the competition by providing value to the
customer, perhaps by enhancing the performance, quality, prestige, features,
service backup, reliability, or convenience of the product.
A low-cost strategy is based on achieving a
sustainable cost advantage in some important element of the product or service.
I think the differentiation strategy is more efficient
in the high sector of the society and it loses its efficient by moving down to
reach the low sector.
But the low cost strategy is more efficient in the low
sector of the society and it loses its efficient by moving up to reach the high
sector.
Focus strategy
It is involves focusing the business on either a
relatively small buyer group or a restricted portion of the product line.
Preemptive move
You take "first-mover advantages", so competitors
must be inhibited or prevented from duplicating or countering it
Synergy
It is linked to another business within the same firm
or division. The two businesses may be able to share a sales force, office, or
warehouse and thus reduce costs or investment.
A
STRATEGIC BUSINESS UNIT
SBU is any organizational unit that has a defined business strategy and a manager with sales and profit responsibility. The
concept was formulated by firms as a way to help develop an entrepreneurial
thrust in a diversified firm by making business units more autonomous and
strategy development less centralized.
Strategic Market Management
Process of developing and implementing strategies:
·
Budgeting: The basic
assumption is that the past will repeat itself.
·
Long-Range Planning: Past
trends will continue
·
Strategic Planning:
New trends and discontinuities are predictable
·
Strategic Market Management: Planning cycles are inadequate to deal with rapid changes
Now we are going to talk
about the strategic market management which contains several distinct
characteristics and trends.
External, Market Orientation
Organizations need to be oriented externally—toward
customers, competitors, the market, and the market's environment.
Proactive Strategies
A proactive strategy attempts to influence events in
the environment rather than simply react to environmental forces as they occur
Importance of the Information System
The determination of what information is needed, how
it can be obtained efficiently and effectively, and how it should best be
analyzed, processed, and stored can be 1cey to an effective strategy
development process.
On-Line Analysis and Decision Making
It is the system must be structured enough to provide
assistance in an inherently complex decision context, sensitive enough to
detect the need to precipitate a strategic choice, and flexible enough to be
applied in a variety of situations.
Entrepreneurial Thrust
There is a need for the development of organizational
forms and strategic market management support systems that allow the firm to be
responsive to opportunities
Implementation
Implementation of strategy is critical. There needs to
be concern about whether the strategy fits the organization—its structure,
systems, people, and culture—or whether the organization can be changed to make
the strategy fit
Global Realities
Global markets are extremely relevant to many
businesses, and it is a rare firm that is not affected by competitors either
based in or with operations in other countries.
Marketing
Marketing is by its very nature concerned with the
interaction between the firm and the marketplace.
Tools and concepts such as product positioning, the
product life cycle, brand equity, brand loyalty, and customer-need analysis all
have the potential to improve strategic decision making.
Organizational Behavior
It is the link between strategy and other elements of
the organization, such as systems and the management of people.
Finance and Accounting
It is a rich research tradition relating to
diversification efforts, acquisitions, and mergers.
Finance has also contributed to an understanding of
the concept of risk and its management.
Economics
The concept of transaction costs has been developed
and applied to the issue of vertical integration. Economists have contributed to the experience curve
concept, which has considerable strategic implications.
Saturday, January 4, 2014
Brand Positioning
Define
competitive frame of reference
Target
market
Nature of
competition
Define
desired brand knowledge structures
Points-of-parity:
necessary - competitive
Points-of-difference:
strong, favorable, and unique brand associations
Issues in
Implementing Brand Positioning
•
Establishing Category Membership
Product descriptor
Exemplar comparisons
•
Identifying & Choosing POP’s & POD’s
Desirability criteria (consumer perspective)
Personally relevant
Distinctive & superior
Believable & credible
Deliverability criteria (firm
perspective)
Feasible
Profitable
Pre-emptive, defensible & difficult to attack
•
Communicating & Establishing POP’s & POD’s
Create POP’s and POD’s in the face of attribute & benefit
trade-offs
Price & quality
Convenience & quality
Taste & low calories
Efficacy & mildness
Power & safety
Ubiquity & prestige
Comprehensiveness (variety) &
simplicity
Strength & refinement
•
Sustaining & Evolving POD’s & POP’s
Core Brand Values:
Set of abstract concepts or phrases that characterize the
5-10 most important dimensions of the mental map of a brand.
Relate to points-of-parity and points-of-difference
Mental Map à Core Brand Values à Brand Mantra
Brand Mantras:
A brand mantra is an articulation of the “heart and
soul” of the brand. Brand mantras
are short three to five word phrases that capture the irrefutable essence or
spirit of the brand positioning and brand values.
Nike: Authentic Athletic Performance
Disney: Fun Family Entertainment
Wednesday, December 25, 2013
STRATEGIC BRAND MANAGEMENT
What is a
Brand? A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design which is
intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of
sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors.
The Concept of Brand Equity stresses
the importance of the brand in marketing strategies. Brand equity is defined in
terms of the marketing effects uniquely attributable to the brand.
Brand equity relates to the fact that
different outcomes result in the marketing of a product or service because of
its brand name, as compared to if the same product or service did not have that
name.
The Key to
Branding: For branding strategies to be successful, consumers must be convinced
that there are meaningful differences among brands in the product or service
category. Consumer must not think that all brands in the category are the same.
PERCEPTION =
VALUE
Strategic
brand management
involves the design and implementation of marketing programs and activities to
build, measure, and manage brand equity.
The strategic brand management process is defined as involving
four main steps:
1)
Identifying and establishing brand positioning and values
2) Planning and
implementing brand marketing programs
3) Measuring and
interpreting brand performance
4) Growing and sustaining
brand equity
Strategic
Brand Management Process
Wednesday, December 11, 2013
WHY STRATEGIC MARKET MANAGEMENT?
Strategic market management is often frustrating
because the environment is so difficult to understand and predict. The
communication and choices required within the organization can create strain
and internal resistance. The most valuable organizational resource, management
time, is absorbed. The alternative of simply waiting for and reacting to
exceptional opportunities often seems efficient and adequate.
Despite these costs and problems, however, strategic
market management has the potential to
* Precipitate the consideration of strategic choices. What is happening externally that is creating opportunities and threats to which a timely and appropriate reaction should be generated? What strategic issues face the firm?
What strategic options should be considered? The
alternative to strategic market management is usually to drift strategically,
becoming absorbed in day-to-day problems. Nothing is more tragic than an
organization that fails because a strategic decision was not addressed until it
was too late.
* Force a long-range view. The pressures to manage with a short-term focus are strong and frequently lead to strategic errors.
* Make visible the resource allocation decision. Allowing allocation of resources to be dictated by the accounting system, political strengths, or inertia (the same as last year) is too easy. One result of this approach is that the small but promising business with "no problems" or the unborn business may suffer from a lack of resources, whereas the larger business areas with "problems" may absorb an excessive amount.
* Aid strategic analysis and decision making. Concepts, models, and methodologies are available to help a business collect and analyze information and address difficult strategic decisions.
* Provide a strategic management and control system. The focus on assets and competencies and the development of objectives and programs associated with strategic thrusts provide the basis for managing a business strategically.
* Provide both horizontal and vertical communication and coordination systems. Strategic market management provides a way to communicate problems and proposed strategies within an organization; in particular, its vocabulary adds precision.
* Help a business cope with change. If a particular environment is extremely stable and the sales patterns are satisfactory, there may be little need for meaningful strategic change—either in direction or intensity. In that case, strategic market management is much less crucial. However, most organizations now exist in rapidly changing and increasingly unpredictable environments and therefore need approaches for coping strategically.
George Yip studied strategy development in 13 firms and concluded that strategic market management approaches have particular value for businesses that:
* Need multinational strategies;
one marketing-oriented firm used them to provide a strategic role for
functions other than marketing.
* Need to achieve synergy among
multiple markets.
* Need to coordinate the strategies
of multiple brands.
* Are involved in complex markets where multiple or layered channels, regional variations, or multiple elements of the marketing mix are involved.
* Are involved in complex markets where multiple or layered channels, regional variations, or multiple elements of the marketing mix are involved.
Tuesday, December 10, 2013
STRATEGIC MARKET MANAGEMENT - CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS:
External,
Market Orientation
As already noted, organizations
need to be oriented externally—toward customers, competitors, the market, and
the market's environment. In sharp contrast to the projection-based, internally
oriented, long-range planning systems, the goal is to develop market-driven
strategies that are sensitive to the customer.
Proactive
Strategies
A proactive strategy attempts to
influence events in the environment rather than simply react to environmental
forces as they occur. A proactive strategy is important for at least two
reasons. First, one way to be sure of detecting and quickly reacting to major
environmental changes is to participate in their creation. Second, because
environmental changes can be significant, it may be important to be able to
influence them. For example, it may be beneficial for an insurance firm to be
involved in tort reform strategy.
Importance
of the Information System
An external orientation puts
demands on the supporting information system. The determination of what
information is needed, how it can be obtained efficiently and effectively, and
how it should best be analyzed, processed, and stored can be 1cey to an
effective strategy development process.
On-Line
Analysis and Decision Making
Organizations are moving away
from relying only on the annual planning cycle and toward a more continuous,
on-line system of information gathering, analysis, and strategic decision making.
The design of such a system is demanding and requires new methods and concepts.
The system must be structured enough to provide assistance in an inherently
complex decision context, sensitive enough to detect the need to precipitate a
strategic choice, and flexible enough to be applied in a variety of
situations.
Entrepreneurial
Thrust
The importance of developing and
maintaining an entrepreneurial thrust is increasingly being recognized. There
is a need for the development of organizational forms and strategic market
management support systems that allow the firm to be responsive to opportunities.
The entrepreneurial skill is particularly important to large, diversified firms
and to firms involved in extremely fast-moving industries, such as high-tech
firms or industries that produce "hit" products such as video games,
CDs, or movies. The strategy in such contexts must include providing an
environment in which entrepreneurs can flourish.
Implementation
Implementation of strategy is
critical. There needs to be concern about whether the strategy fits the
organization—its structure, systems, people, and culture—or whether the organization
can be changed to make the strategy fit. The strategy needs to be linked to the
functional area policies and the operating plan. Chapter 15 is devoted to
implementation issues.
Global
Realities
Increasingly, the global
dimension is affecting strategy. Global markets are extremely relevant to many
businesses, from Boeing to McDonald's, and it is a rare firm that is not
affected by competitors either based in or with operations in other countries.
The global element represents both direct and indirect opportunities and
threats. The financial difficulty of a major country or a worldwide shortage of
some raw material may have a dramatic impact on an organization's strategy.
Chapter 14 focuses on global strategies.
Longer Time
Horizon
A major problem for many
businesses is the development of effective long-term objectives and strategies.
Many observers have suggested that the visible success of Japanese firms is
due, in part, to their ability to operate strategically with long time
horizons. Furthermore, some of the competitive problems of such industries as the
automobile, consumer electronics, and steel industries have been attributed by
management theorists to a short-term orientation. As managing with respect to a
longer time horizon is more difficult and places heavier demands on the
strategic decision-making process, there is an increased need for better
constructs and methods that reflect a long-term perspective.
Empirical
Research
Historically, the field of strategy
has been dominated by conceptual contributions based on personal experience and
insights, as the writings of Alfred Sloan, the architect of General Motors, and
Peter Drucker, the author of the classic book, The Practice of Management,
illustrate.6 More recently, an empirical research tradition has
begun. The qualitative case-study approach provides useful hypotheses and
insights. In addition, a host of quantitative research streams compare and
study the performance and characteristics of samples of business units over
time. These research streams can now be found in most of the basic disciplines
and in the field of strategy itself. They are an important indication that the
field is finally reaching a maturity in which theories can be, and are being, subjected
to scientific testing.
Interdisciplinary
Developments
One purpose of this book is to
draw on and integrate a variety of disciplines that are making important
conceptual and methodological contributions to strategic market management.
Among these disciplines, which have been remarkably isolated from strategic market management and each other, are the following:
Marketing
Marketing is by its very nature
concerned with the interaction between the firm and the marketplace. During the
last decade, strategic decisions have received increasing attention. Tools and
concepts such as product positioning, the product life cycle, brand equity,
brand loyalty, and customer-need analysis all have the potential to improve
strategic decision making.
Organizational
Behavior
Organizational behavior theorists
have built on the classic works of the early 1960s on strategy and
organizational structure. They have also considered the link between strategy
and other elements of the organization, such as systems and the management of
people. Of particular relevance is the concept of corporate culture and its
impact on strategy.
Finance and
Accounting
One major contribution of these
disciplines to strategy is shareholder value analysis (covered in Chapter
7)—the concept that strategists should be concerned with the impact of strategy
on the value of the firm. Another is a rich research tradition relating to
diversification efforts, acquisitions, and mergers, Finance has also contributed to an understanding of the concept of risk and its management.
Economics
The industrial organization
theory subarea of economics has been applied to strategy using concepts and
methods such as industry structure, exit barriers, entry barriers, and
strategic groups. Furthermore, the concept of transaction costs has been developed
and applied to the issue of vertical integration. Finally economists have
contributed to the experience curve concept, which has considerable strategic
implications.
Strategy
The discipline of strategy is not
only increasingly overlapping with other disciplines, but is itself maturing.
One sign of this maturity is the emergence of quantitative research streams;
another is the maturity of some of its tools and techniques. In addition, the
premier strategy journal, Strategic Management Journal, has given exposure for
more than two decades to the top academic efforts that provide theoretical and
empirical insights into strategy.
Strategic Market Management
Strategic market management, or,
simply, strategic management, is motivated by the assumption that the planning
cycle is inadequate to deal with the rapid rate of change that can occur in a
firm's external environment. To cope with strategic surprises and
fast-developing threats and opportunities, strategic decisions need to be
precipitated and made outside the planning cycle.
Recognition of the demands of a rapidly changing environment has
stimulated the development or increased use of methods systems, and options
that are responsive. In particular, it suggests a need for continuous,
real-time information systems rather than, or in addition to, periodic
analysis. More sensitive environmental scanning, the identification and
continuous monitoring of information-need areas, efforts to develop strategic
flexibility, and the enhancement of the entrepreneurial thrust of the organization may be helpful. An information-need area is an area of uncertainty that will
affect strategy, such as an emerging consumer-interest area. Strategic
flexibility involves strategic options that allow quick and appropriate
responses to sudden changes in the environment.
Strategic market management is proactive and future oriented.
Rather than simply accepting the environment as given, with the strategic role
confined to adaptation and reaction, strategy may be proactive, effecting
environmental change. Thus, governmental policies, customer needs, and
technological developments can be influenced—and perhaps even controlled—with
creative, active strategies.
Gary Hamel and C. K. Prahalad argue that managers should have a
clear and shared understanding of how their industry may be different in 10
years and a strategy for competing in that world. They challenge managers to
evaluate the extent to which
* Management
has a distinctive and farsighted view, rather than a conventional and
reactive view, about the future.
* Senior
management focuses on regenerating core strategies rather than on reengineering
core processes.
* Competitors
view the company as a rule maker rather than a rule follower.
* The
company's strength is in innovation and growth rather than in operational
efficiency.
* The
company is mostly out in front rather than catching up.
In that spirit, strategic market
management actually includes all four management systems: the budgeting system,
the projection-based approach of long-range planning, the elements of strategic
planning, and the refinements needed to adapt strategic decision making to real
time. In strategic market management, a periodic planning process is normally
supplemented by techniques that allow the organization to be strategically
responsive outside the planning process.
The inclusion of the term market
in the phrase "strategic management" emphasizes that strategy development
needs to be driven by the market and its environment rather than by an internal
orientation. It also points out that the process should be proactive rather
than reactive and that the task should be to try to influence the environment
as well as respond to it.
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